Credential · Technology

Robotic Upper Limb

OT127 citations · 4 lenses

Cochrane: no superiority over dose-matched conventional OT for upper limb stroke. High repetition capacity. FDA-cleared devices (InMotion ARM, Amadeo).

Scores · default weights
Clinical
33/100
Business
52/100
Academic Clinical
42/100
HealthTech & Industry
45/100

Each lens uses its own dimensions and default weights. Scores answer different questions across paths — they aren’t apples-to-apples. How scoring works →

Clinical breakdown
Clinical outcomes×35%
42/100

High-repetition training enabled; not superior to matched conventional OT in Cochrane review.

Caseload applicability×15%
12/100

Limited by expensive robotic equipment access; applicable only at select research or specialty centers.

Billing & reimbursement×15%
45/100

Very limited insurance coverage; mostly research or cash-pay; some commercial payers beginning to consider coverage.

Certification investment×20%
28/100

Device-specific manufacturer training; requires institutional access to robotic upper limb system.

Employer demand×10%
20/100

Limited employer demand; primarily academic stroke centers and research hospitals.

Patient experience×5%
48/100

Novel technology appeals; some prefer conventional hands-on OT.

Business breakdown
Cash-pay viability×25%
55/100

Intensive neuro-recovery and stroke programs successfully sell robotic UE training as cash-pay packages.

Pricing leverage×20%
60/100

Tech novelty and visible equipment support premium pricing in neuro-recovery clinics.

Market differentiation×15%
70/100

Few clinics own UE robotics, creating clear visual and marketing differentiation.

Owner leverage×15%
50/100

Once equipment is in place, mid-level clinicians can deliver protocols — moderately scalable beyond the owner.

Consumer demand×15%
40/100

Stroke and SCI consumers searching for 'robotic therapy' is a growing but still small segment.

Credential investment×10%
25/100

Capital cost of robots ($50k-$300k) is the big barrier; the training itself is brief.

Academic Clinical breakdown
Faculty recognition×25%
35/100

Useful signal of tech-forward neuro expertise but not a recognized credential for promotion.

Scholarship signal×20%
55/100

Robotic rehab is an active research area with NIH funding and many publications.

Teaching value×15%
50/100

Increasingly relevant in neuro curricula as students expect exposure to rehab technology.

Evidence depth×20%
50/100

Multiple RCTs and meta-analyses exist; effect sizes are modest but the literature is solid.

Faculty demand×10%
20/100

Not commonly required in faculty job ads outside research-intensive programs.

Credential investment×10%
30/100

Vendor training is short and cheap relative to traditional credentialing pathways.

HealthTech & Industry breakdown
Industry placement×25%
48/100

Bionik (InMotion), Tyromotion, and Kinarm hire clinical specialists.

Vendor / employer demand×20%
42/100

Small vendor ecosystem with steady clinical-specialist demand.

Salary premium×20%
42/100

Modest premium aligned with rehab robotics roles.

Technical skill depth×15%
55/100

Direct work with sensor-instrumented robotic devices builds device literacy.

Transition fit×10%
48/100

Defined pathway into upper-limb robotics vendor roles.

Credential investment×10%
35/100

Costly training; narrow market.

Evidence base · 127 sources
122 other2 government2 peer-reviewed1 professional-society
  1. 01
    Soft robotic gloves versus mirror therapy: a long-term comparative study on hand function and motor recovery in post-stroke rehabilitation
    O. R. Abdelraouf; M. A. Abdel Ghafar; M. E. Mohamed; Z. M. Ibrahim; E. M. Harraz; M. K. Seyam; G. S. Mousa; R. E. Radwan; A. E. El-Bagalaty · J Rehabil Med2025
    Otherdoi:10.2340/jrm.v57.43482
  2. 02
    Combined robot-assisted therapy and neuromuscular electrical stimulation in upper limb rehabilitation in patients with stroke: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials
    A. R. Alashram · J Hand Ther2025
    Systematic reviewdoi:10.1016/j.jht.2025.04.002
  3. 03
    Effects of Combining Robotic Assisted Therapy for Upper Limb With Other Therapeutic Approaches After Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Control Trials
    N. Anmoto; S. Watanabe; T. Kaneko; M. Maeda; Y. Okita; T. Takebayashi · Physiotherapy Research International2025
    Systematic reviewdoi:10.1002/pri.70091
  4. 04
    Individual and combined applied robotic hand rehabilitation and conventional rehabilitation for post-stroke hemiplegia: a prospective three-arm randomized study
    B. Başar; B. Hüner; E. Kahraman · Eur J Phys Rehabil Med2025
    RCTdoi:10.23736/s1973-9087.25.08609-5
  5. 05
    Upper limb robotic rehabilitation following stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis investigating efficacy and the influence of device features and program parameters
    K. Boardsworth; U. Rashid; S. Olsen; E. Rodriguez-Ramirez; W. Browne; G. Alder; N. Signal · J Neuroeng Rehabil2025
    Meta-analysisdoi:10.1186/s12984-025-01662-4
  6. 06
    Effectiveness of technology-based stroke interventions to improve upper limb functioning in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    M. Carbajal Galarza; N. O. Chinchihualpa Paredes; S. A. Abanto Perez; G. Saposnik; M. Lazo-Porras · Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation2025
    Meta-analysisdoi:10.1080/10749357.2025.2469473
  7. 07
    The impact of robotic hand rehabilitation on hand function and fatigue in patients with stroke (RoHa-S)
    L. Castelli; D. Giannuzzi; C. Loreti; I. Falcolini; E. Tamburro; A. M. Malizia; C. Iacovelli; L. Biscotti; L. Padua; S. Giovannini · J Clin Neurosci2025
    Otherdoi:10.1016/j.jocn.2025.111445
  8. 08
    A Holistic Approach Towards Evaluating Upper Limb Function in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy: A Narrative Review of Clinical Tools and Promising Technologies for Comprehensive Assessment
    G. De Luca; A. Kalkantzi; L. Mailleux; R. Palomo-Carrión; H. Feys; R. N. Boyd; E. Beani; M. Cianchetti; S. Filogna; G. Prencipe; G. Sgandurra; M. Maselli · J Clin Med2025
    Narrative reviewdoi:10.3390/jcm14186539
  9. 09
    Effects of Robot-Assisted Therapy on Upper Limb Function in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis
    A. F. de Souza Pascoal; L. Barroso Costa; K. Kiefer Parreiras de Menezes; P. Roberto Avelino; A. Alvim Scianni; C. D. Coelho de Morais Faria · Phys Occup Ther Pediatr2025
    Meta-analysisdoi:10.1080/01942638.2025.2577206
  10. 10
    AGREE: an upper limb motorized exoskeleton for restoring arm functions: a single-blinded randomized controlled trial
    M. Gandolla; B. Luciani; V. Longatelli; P. Tropea; A. Seregni; M. Corbo; F. Braghin; A. Pedrocchi · J Neuroeng Rehabil2025
    RCTdoi:10.1186/s12984-025-01651-7
  11. 11
    A robotic rehabilitation intervention in a home setting during the Covid-19 outbreak: a feasibility pilot study in patients with stroke
    M. Germanotta; M. C. Mauro; F. Falchini; F. Scotto Di Luzio; L. Vollero; L. Zollo; I. G. Aprile · J Neuroeng Rehabil2025
    Pilot/feasibilitydoi:10.1186/s12984-025-01633-9
  12. 12
    Botulinum toxin A combining with robot-assisted bimanual therapy integrating mirror therapy versus botulinum toxin A combining with robot-assisted bimanual therapy in patients with post-stroke spastic fingers: a randomized controlled pilot trial
    J. W. Hung; Y. J. Chen; W. C. Wu; C. X. Chou; H. F. Chang; M. Y. Yu; P. C. Chen; T. M. Guo · J Neuroeng Rehabil2025
    RCTdoi:10.1186/s12984-025-01761-2
  13. 13
    Effectiveness of Upper Extremity Exoskeletons in Children With Cerebral Palsy Within International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Domains: A Systematic Review
    G. Joveini; S. Boozari; A. Zareiyan; M. Hejazi‐Shirmard; N. Stergiou · Child: Care, Health & Development2025
    Systematic reviewdoi:10.1111/cch.70163
  14. 14
    Enhancing Hand Motor Recovery Poststroke: A Comparative Study of Robotic vs Conventional Mirror Therapy
    S. Kurniawan; H. Mubarak; N. Sam; Y. Waluyo; A. A. Zainuddin; A. A. Mochtar · Arch Phys Med Rehabil2025
    Otherdoi:10.1016/j.apmr.2024.11.008
  15. 15
    Functional improvement and scar impact of electromyography (EMG)-driven robotic training on nerve damage and hypertrophic scars in hands that underwent skin grafting after burns: a prospective, randomized, single-blinded study
    S. Y. Lee; C. H. Seo; Y. S. Cho; J. Seo; S. Y. Joo · Int J Surg2025
    RCTdoi:10.1097/js9.0000000000003052
  16. 16
    Comparative efficacy of robot-assisted therapy associated with other different interventions on upper limb rehabilitation after stroke: A protocol for a network meta-analysis
    Q. Liu; Z. Liu; Y. Xu; L. Liu; F. Wang; F. Zhao; H. Cheng; X. Hu · PLoS One2025
    Meta-analysisdoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0304322
  17. 17
    Exoskeletons for the rehabilitation of temporomandibular disorders: a comprehensive review
    P. O. Müller; R. Sader; O. von Stryk · Front Robot AI2025
    Otherdoi:10.3389/frobt.2025.1492275
  18. 18
    Impact of upper extremity robotic rehabilitation on respiratory parameters, functional capacity and dyspnea in patients with stroke: a randomized controlled study
    B. Okumuş; B. Akıncı; G. K. Aytutuldu; M. S. Baran · Neurol Sci2025
    RCTdoi:10.1007/s10072-024-07868-z
  19. 19
    The efficiency of robotic hand exoskeleton system in stroke patients: A pilot randomized controlled single blind trial
    F. Öztürk; G. Acar; U. Başpınar; K. Coşkun Ö; B. Bakır; I. Midi · J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis2025
    RCTdoi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2025.108494
  20. 20
    Comparative Scoping Review: Robot-Assisted Upper Limb Stroke Rehabilitation in Low- and Middle-Income Countries Versus High-Income Nations
    S. Samuelkamaleshkumar; S. Annpatriciacatherine; A. Jithu; J. Jeromedanypraveenraj; T. Senthilvelkumar; T. A. Augustine; P. H. Chalageri; J. George; R. Thomas · Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation2025
    Systematic reviewdoi:10.1016/j.apmr.2024.09.014
  21. 21
    Effectiveness of Robot-Assisted Upper Extremity Function Training (Gloreha) on Upper Extremities Function After Stroke: Systematic Review
    C. Thawisuk; S. Apichai; W. Chingchit; J. P. Dhippayom; T. Dhippayom · JMIR Rehabil Assist Technol2025
    Systematic reviewdoi:10.2196/68268
  22. 22
    The use of robotics and artificial intelligence in upper extremity rehabilitation following traumatic injury: A scoping review
    A. A. Toner; L. Eberlin; R. Pichaimuthu; T. Tompkins; M. Szekeres · J Hand Ther2025
    Systematic reviewdoi:10.1016/j.jht.2025.04.009
  23. 23
    Efficacy of Robot-assisted Training on Upper Limb Motor Function After Stroke: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis
    H. Wang; X. Wu; Y. Li; S. Yu · Arch Rehabil Res Clin Transl2025
    Meta-analysisdoi:10.1016/j.arrct.2024.100387
  24. 24
    Effect of upper-limb robot-assisted therapy combined with pneumatic gloves on upper limb function in young and middle-aged stroke patients: a pilot randomized controlled trial
    L. Wang; W. Yuan; H. Hou; G. Qi; G. Xu; Z. Liu; Y. Yang; W. Gou; Q. Yang; J. Yu; X. Wei; J. Yuan; F. Qin; N. Lv; R. Li; Y. Jiang · J Neuroeng Rehabil2025
    RCTdoi:10.1186/s12984-025-01785-8
  25. 25
    Effects of robot assisted mirror therapy on motor function and cortical activation in patients with right hemisphere damage
    Y. Wei; L. Wu; F. Huang; R. Fang; J. Liu; L. Liu; Y. Wang · Sci Rep2025
    Otherdoi:10.1038/s41598-025-16686-y
  26. 26
    Effects of Upper Limb Robot Therapy with Action Observation Training on Subacute Stroke Patients: A Randomised Controlled Trial
    Y. M. Yang; J. H. Park · J Mot Behav2025
    RCTdoi:10.1080/00222895.2025.2497376
  27. 27
    Efficacy of the Conventional Rehabilitation Robot and bio-Signal Feedback-Based Rehabilitation Robot on Upper-Limb Function in Patients with Stroke: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis
    L. Zhou; B. Zhang; R. Kang; Y. Wang; J. Qin; Q. Xiao; V. Hui · NeuroRehabilitation2025
    Meta-analysisdoi:10.1177/10538135251366668
  28. 28
    Exoskeleton-assisted upper limb rehabilitation after stroke: a randomized controlled trial
    İ. Akgün; İ. Demirbüken; E. Timurtaş; M. K. Pehlivan; A. U. Pehlivan; M. G. Polat; G. E. Francisco; N. Yozbatiran · Neurol Res2024
    RCTdoi:10.1080/01616412.2024.2381385
  29. 29
    Combined robot-assisted therapy virtual reality for upper limb rehabilitation in stroke survivors: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
    A. R. Alashram · Neurol Sci2024
    Systematic reviewdoi:10.1007/s10072-024-07628-z
  30. 30
    The Combined Effect of Robot-assisted Therapy and Activities of Daily Living Training on Upper Limb Recovery in Persons With Subacute Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial
    S. Bhattacharjee; A. Barman; S. Patel; J. Sahoo · Arch Phys Med Rehabil2024
    RCTdoi:10.1016/j.apmr.2024.01.027
  31. 31
    Robot-assisted upper limb therapy for personalized rehabilitation in children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review
    D. Cardone; D. Perpetuini; M. Di Nicola; A. Merla; G. Morone; I. Ciancarelli; A. Moretti; F. Gimigliano; A. Cichelli; F. De Flaviis; A. Martino Cinnera; T. Paolucci · Front Neurol2024
    Systematic reviewdoi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1499249
  32. 32
    Immersive VR for upper-extremity rehabilitation in patients with neurological disorders: a scoping review
    M. Ceradini; E. Losanno; S. Micera; A. Bandini; S. Orlandi · J Neuroeng Rehabil2024
    Systematic reviewdoi:10.1186/s12984-024-01367-0
  33. 33
    Effects of training with a rehabilitation device (Rebless®) on upper limb function in patients with chronic stroke: A randomized controlled trial
    J. Y. Chang; M. H. Chun; A. Lee; A. Lee; C. M. Lee · Medicine (Baltimore)2024
    RCTdoi:10.1097/md.0000000000038753
  34. 34
    Effects of virtual reality-based robot therapy combined with task-oriented therapy on upper limb function and cerebral cortex activation in patients with stroke
    J. B. Choi; K. I. Cho · Medicine (Baltimore)2024
    Otherdoi:10.1097/md.0000000000038723
  35. 35
    Upper Limb Robots for Recovery of Motor Arm Function in Patients With Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    L. De Iaco; J. M. Veerbeek; J. C. F. Ket; G. Kwakkel · Neurology2024
    Meta-analysisdoi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000209495
  36. 36
    Unsupervised robot-assisted rehabilitation after stroke: feasibility, effect on therapy dose, and user experience
    G. Devittori; D. Dinacci; D. Romiti; A. Califfi; C. Petrillo; P. Rossi; R. Ranzani; R. Gassert; O. Lambercy · J Neuroeng Rehabil2024
    Pilot/feasibilitydoi:10.1186/s12984-024-01347-4
  37. 37
    Therapeutic robots for post-stroke rehabilitation
    R. Hong; B. Li; Y. Bao; L. Liu; L. Jin · Med Rev (2021)2024
    Otherdoi:10.1515/mr-2023-0054
  38. 38
    Assistive technology on upper extremity function for stroke patients: A systematic review with meta-analysis
    S. Hwang; K.-C. Min; C.-S. Song · Journal of Hand Therapy2024
    Meta-analysisdoi:10.1016/j.jht.2023.12.014
  39. 39
    The usefulness of assistive soft robotics in the rehabilitation of patients with hand impairment: A systematic review
    Z. Jiryaei; A. S. Jafarpisheh · Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies2024
    Systematic reviewdoi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2024.02.025
  40. 40
    Effectiveness of Robotic Devices for Medical Rehabilitation: An Umbrella Review
    K. Kiyono; S. Tanabe; S. Hirano; T. Ii; Y. Nakagawa; K. Tan; E. Saitoh; Y. Otaka · J Clin Med2024
    Systematic reviewdoi:10.3390/jcm13216616
  41. 41
    Effectiveness and Users' Perceptions of Upper Extremity Exoskeletons and Robot-Assisted Devices in Children with Physical Disabilities: Systematic Review
    B. Li; A. B. Cunha; M. A. Lobo · Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics2024
    Systematic reviewdoi:10.1080/01942638.2023.2248241
  42. 42
    Neural Interface-Based Motor Neuroprosthesis in Poststroke Upper Limb Neurorehabilitation: An Individual Patient Data Meta-analysis
    Y. T. Lo; M. J. R. Lim; C. Y. Kok; S. Wang; S. Z. Blok; T. Y. Ang; V. Y. P. Ng; J. P. Rao; K. S. G. Chua · Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation2024
    Meta-analysisdoi:10.1016/j.apmr.2024.04.001
  43. 43
    The clinical effects of brain–computer interface with robot on upper-limb function for post-stroke rehabilitation: a meta-analysis and systematic review
    H. Qu; F. Zeng; Y. Tang; B. Shi; Z. Wang; X. Chen; J. Wang · Disability & Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology2024
    Meta-analysisdoi:10.1080/17483107.2022.2060354
  44. 44
    Effectiveness of robot-assisted exercise regimen parameters on extremity function and quality of life among stroke population - a scoping review
    G. Suma; S. Purushothaman; T. F. T. G; K. C. Gayathri; L. Haribabu; A. M. Nainar · Fizjoterapia Polska2024
    Systematic reviewdoi:10.56984/8ZG020CHRZ2
  45. 45
    Automatic setting optimization for robotic upper-extremity rehabilitation in patients with stroke using ReoGo-J: a cross-sectional clinical trial
    T. Takebayashi; Y. Uchiyama; K. Domen · Sci Rep2024
    Cross-sectionaldoi:10.1038/s41598-024-74672-2
  46. 46
    Research trends and hotspots of post-stroke upper limb dysfunction: a bibliometric and visualization analysis
    Q. Tang; X. Yang; M. Sun; M. He; R. Sa; K. Zhang; B. Zhu; T. Li · Front Neurol2024
    Otherdoi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1449729
  47. 47
    The role of robot-assisted training on rehabilitation outcomes in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    Y. Tao; J. Luo; J. Tian; S. Peng; H. Wang; J. Cao; Z. Wen; X. Zhang · Disability & Rehabilitation2024
    Meta-analysisdoi:10.1080/09638288.2023.2266178
  48. 48
    Portable robots for upper-limb rehabilitation after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    K. C. Tseng; L. Wang; C. Hsieh; A. M. Wong · Ann Med2024
    Meta-analysisdoi:10.1080/07853890.2024.2337735
  49. 49
    The Effect of Concurrent Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Robotic Training of the Upper Limb in Stroke Recovery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
    S. Azarnia; K. Ezatti; S. Naghdi; I. Abdollahi; S. Shanbehzadeh; H. Baharlouei; S. Jaberzadeh · Iranian Rehabilitation Journal2023
    Meta-analysisdoi:10.32598/irj.21.4.1902.1
  50. 50
    Effectiveness of Robotics in Stroke Rehabilitation to Accelerate Upper Extremity Function: Systematic Review
    C. Carrillo; D. Tilley; K. Horn; M. Gonzalez; C. Coffman; C. Hilton; K. Mani · Occupational Therapy International2023
    Systematic reviewdoi:10.1155/2023/7991765
  51. 51
    The effect of sequential combination of mirror therapy and robot-assisted therapy on motor function, daily function, and self-efficacy after stroke
    Y. W. Chen; K. Y. Li; C. H. Lin; P. H. Hung; H. T. Lai; C. Y. Wu · Sci Rep2023
    Otherdoi:10.1038/s41598-023-43981-3
  52. 52
    Passive shoulder exoskeleton support partially mitigates fatigue-induced effects in overhead work
    S. De Bock; T. Ampe; M. Rossini; B. Tassignon; D. Lefeber; C. Rodriguez-Guerrero; B. Roelands; J. Geeroms; R. Meeusen; K. De Pauw · Appl Ergon2023
    Otherdoi:10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103903
  53. 53
    Efficacy and Dose of Rehabilitation Approaches for Severe Upper Limb Impairments and Disability During Early Acute and Subacute Stroke: A Systematic Review
    S. Doumen; L. Sorba; P. Feys; L. Tedesco Triccas · Phys Ther2023
    Systematic reviewdoi:10.1093/ptj/pzad002
  54. 54
    Will Your Next Therapist Be a Robot?-A Review of the Advancements in Robotic Upper Extremity Rehabilitation
    R. Fareh; A. Elsabe; M. Baziyad; T. Kawser; B. Brahmi; M. H. Rahman · Sensors (Basel)2023
    Otherdoi:10.3390/s23115054
  55. 55
    Home-based upper limb stroke rehabilitation mechatronics: challenges and opportunities
    S. Forbrigger; V. G. DePaul; T. C. Davies; E. Morin; K. Hashtrudi-Zaad · Biomed Eng Online2023
    Otherdoi:10.1186/s12938-023-01133-8
  56. 56
    The role of feedback in the robotic-assisted upper limb rehabilitation in people with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review
    M. Gandolfi; S. Mazzoleni; G. Morone; M. Iosa; F. Galletti; N. Smania · Expert Rev Med Devices2023
    Systematic reviewdoi:10.1080/17434440.2023.2169129
  57. 57
    Feasibility, safety, and efficacy of task-oriented mirrored robotic training on upper-limb functions and activities of daily living in subacute poststroke patients: a pilot study
    Y. Z. He; Z. M. Huang; H. Y. Deng; J. Huang; J. H. Wu; J. S. Wu · Eur J Phys Rehabil Med2023
    Pilot/feasibilitydoi:10.23736/s1973-9087.23.08018-8
  58. 58
    Robotic assistive and rehabilitation devices leading to motor recovery in upper limb: a systematic review
    S. Khalid; F. Alnajjar; M. Gochoo; A. Renawi; S. Shimoda · Disability & Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology2023
    Systematic reviewdoi:10.1080/17483107.2021.1906960
  59. 59
    The Application of Soft Robotic Gloves in Stroke Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
    M. J. Ko; Y. C. Chuang; L. J. Ou-Yang; Y. Y. Cheng; Y. L. Tsai; Y. C. Lee · Brain Sci2023
    Meta-analysisdoi:10.3390/brainsci13060900
  60. 60
    Internet of Things (IoT) Enables Robot-Assisted Therapy as a Home Program for Training Upper Limb Functions in Chronic Stroke: A Randomized Control Crossover Study
    L. C. Kuo; K. C. Yang; Y. C. Lin; Y. C. Lin; C. H. Yeh; F. C. Su; H. Y. Hsu · Arch Phys Med Rehabil2023
    RCTdoi:10.1016/j.apmr.2022.08.976
  61. 61
    Robotic arm use for upper limb rehabilitation after stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    B. O. Lee; I. D. Saragih; S. O. Batubara · Kaohsiung J Med Sci2023
    Meta-analysisdoi:10.1002/kjm2.12679
  62. 62
    Three Ways to Improve Arm Function in the Chronic Phase After Stroke by Robotic Priming Combined With Mirror Therapy, Arm Training, and Movement-Oriented Therapy
    Y. C. Li; K. C. Lin; C. L. Chen; G. Yao; C. Ya-Ju; Y. Y. Lee; C. T. Liu; W. S. Chen · Arch Phys Med Rehabil2023
    Otherdoi:10.1016/j.apmr.2023.02.015
  63. 63
    Literature review of stroke assessment for upper-extremity physical function via EEG, EMG, kinematic, and kinetic measurements and their reliability
    R. M. Maura; S. Rueda Parra; R. E. Stevens; D. L. Weeks; E. T. Wolbrecht; J. C. Perry · J Neuroeng Rehabil2023
    Narrative reviewdoi:10.1186/s12984-023-01142-7
  64. 64
    Overview of the role of robots in upper limb disabilities rehabilitation: a scoping review
    K. Moulaei; K. Bahaadinbeigy; A. A. Haghdoostd; M. S. Nezhad; A. Sheikhtaheri · Arch Public Health2023
    Systematic reviewdoi:10.1186/s13690-023-01100-8
  65. 65
    New Artificial Intelligence-Integrated Electromyography-Driven Robot Hand for Upper Extremity Rehabilitation of Patients With Stroke: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
    Y. Murakami; K. Honaga; H. Kono; K. Haruyama; T. Yamaguchi; M. Tani; R. Isayama; T. Takakura; A. Tanuma; K. Hatori; F. Wada; T. Fujiwara · Neurorehabil Neural Repair2023
    RCTdoi:10.1177/15459683231166939
  66. 66
    Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation of Upper Limbs in Patients With Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
    C.-H. Ou; C.-C. Shiue; Y.-C. Kuan; T.-H. Liou; H.-C. Chen; T.-J. Kuo · American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation2023
    Meta-analysisdoi:10.1097/PHM.0000000000002058
  67. 67
    Patent Review of Lower Limb Rehabilitation Robotic Systems by Sensors and Actuation Systems Used
    C. F. Pană; D. Popescu; V. M. Rădulescu · Sensors (Basel)2023
    Otherdoi:10.3390/s23136237
  68. 68
    Is the robotic rehabilitation that is added to intensive body rehabilitation effective for maximization of upper extremity motor recovery following a stroke? A randomized controlled study
    E. Şenocak; E. Korkut; A. Aktürk; A. Y. Ozer · Neurol Sci2023
    RCTdoi:10.1007/s10072-023-06739-3
  69. 69
    Bilateral upper limb robot-assisted rehabilitation improves upper limb motor function in stroke patients: a study based on quantitative EEG
    C. Tang; T. Zhou; Y. Zhang; R. Yuan; X. Zhao; R. Yin; P. Song; B. Liu; R. Song; W. Chen; H. Wang · Eur J Med Res2023
    Otherdoi:10.1186/s40001-023-01565-x
  70. 70
    Efficacy of Robot-Assisted Training on Rehabilitation of Upper Limb Function in Patients With Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
    X. Yang; X. Shi; X. Xue; Z. Deng · Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation2023
    Meta-analysisdoi:10.1016/j.apmr.2023.02.004
  71. 71
    The Effect of Robot-Assisted Training on Arm Function, Walking, Balance, and Activities of Daily Living After Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    S. D. Yoo; H. H. Lee · Brain Neurorehabil2023
    Meta-analysisdoi:10.12786/bn.2023.16.e24
  72. 72
    The Effect of Robot-Mediated Virtual Reality Gaming on Upper Limb Spasticity Poststroke: A Randomized-Controlled Trial
    E. M. Abd El-Kafy; M. A. Alshehri; A. A. El-Fiky; M. A. Guermazi; H. M. Mahmoud · Games Health J2022
    RCTdoi:10.1089/g4h.2021.0197
  73. 73
    Active Sensory Therapies Enhancing Upper Limb Recovery Among Poststroke Subjects: A Systematic Review
    K. N. Arya; S. Pandian; A. K. Joshi; N. Chaudhary; G. G. Agarwal · Ann Neurosci2022
    Systematic reviewdoi:10.1177/09727531221086732
  74. 74
    The efficacy of robot-assisted training for patients with upper limb amputations who use myoelectric prostheses: a randomized controlled pilot study
    T. Aydin; F. N. Kesiktaş; Y. D. Akbulut; M. Çorum; K. Öneş; T. Kizilkurt; N. D. Buğdayci; I. Karacan · Int J Rehabil Res2022
    RCTdoi:10.1097/mrr.0000000000000506
  75. 75
    Effects of robotic upper limb treatment after stroke on cognitive patterns: A systematic review
    F. Bressi; L. Cricenti; B. Campagnola; M. Bravi; S. Miccinilli; F. Santacaterina; S. Sterzi; S. Straudi; M. Agostini; M. Paci; E. Casanova; D. Marino; G. La Rosa; D. Giansanti; L. Perrero; A. Battistini; S. Filoni; M. Sicari; S. Petrozzino; C. M. Solaro · NeuroRehabilitation2022
    Systematic reviewdoi:10.3233/NRE-220149
  76. 76
    Soft robotics and functional electrical stimulation advances for restoring hand function in people with SCI: a narrative review, clinical guidelines and future directions
    L. R. L. Cardoso; V. Bochkezanian; A. Forner-Cordero; A. Melendez-Calderon; A. P. L. Bo · Journal of NeuroEngineering & Rehabilitation (JNER)2022
    Narrative reviewdoi:10.1186/s12984-022-01043-1
  77. 77
    Rehabilitation Interventions Combined with Noninvasive Brain Stimulation on Upper Limb Motor Function in Stroke Patients
    T. H. Cha; H. S. Hwang · Brain Sci2022
    Otherdoi:10.3390/brainsci12080994
  78. 78
    Effects of robotic rehabilitation on recovery of hand functions in acute stroke: A preliminary randomized controlled study
    D. K. Coskunsu; S. Akcay; O. E. Ogul; D. K. Akyol; N. Ozturk; F. Zileli; B. B. Tuzun; Y. Krespi · Acta Neurol Scand2022
    RCTdoi:10.1111/ane.13672
  79. 79
    Benchmarking occupational exoskeletons: An evidence mapping systematic review
    S. De Bock; J. Ghillebert; R. Govaerts; B. Tassignon; C. Rodriguez-Guerrero; S. Crea; J. Veneman; J. Geeroms; R. Meeusen; K. De Pauw · Appl Ergon2022
    Systematic reviewdoi:10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103582
  80. 80
    A Therapeutic Approach Using the Combined Application of Virtual Reality with Robotics for the Treatment of Patients with Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review
    A. De Miguel-Rubio; L. Muñoz-Pérez; A. Alba-Rueda; M. Arias-Avila; D. P. Rodrigues-de-Souza · Int J Environ Res Public Health2022
    Systematic reviewdoi:10.3390/ijerph19148772
  81. 81
    New technologies promoting active upper limb rehabilitation after stroke: an overview and network meta-analysis
    G. Everard; L. Declerck; C. Detrembleur; S. Leonard; G. Bower; S. Dehem; T. Lejeune · Eur J Phys Rehabil Med2022
    Meta-analysisdoi:10.23736/s1973-9087.22.07404-4
  82. 82
    A randomized clinical control study on the efficacy of three-dimensional upper limb robotic exoskeleton training in chronic stroke
    A. Frisoli; M. Barsotti; E. Sotgiu; G. Lamola; C. Procopio; C. Chisari · J Neuroeng Rehabil2022
    RCTdoi:10.1186/s12984-022-00991-y
  83. 83
    Robot-assisted therapy for upper limb paresis after stroke: Use of robotic algorithms in advanced practice
    A.-G. Grosmaire; O. Pila; P. Breuckmann; C. Duret · NeuroRehabilitation2022
    Otherdoi:10.3233/NRE-220025
  84. 84
    A Tenodesis-Induced-Grip exoskeleton robot (TIGER) for assisting upper extremity functions in stroke patients: a randomized control study
    H. Y. Hsu; K. C. Yang; C. H. Yeh; Y. C. Lin; K. R. Lin; F. C. Su; L. C. Kuo · Disabil Rehabil2022
    RCTdoi:10.1080/09638288.2021.1980915
  85. 85
    A scoping review of design requirements for a home-based upper limb rehabilitation robot for stroke
    L. Li; Q. Fu; S. Tyson; N. Preston; A. Weightman · Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation2022
    Systematic reviewdoi:10.1080/10749357.2021.1943797
  86. 86
    Comparative Effectiveness of Robot-Assisted Training Versus Enhanced Upper Extremity Therapy on Upper and Lower Extremity for Stroke Survivors: A Multicentre Randomized Controlled Trial
    Y. Lin; Q. Y. Li; Q. Qu; L. Ding; Z. Chen; F. Huang; S. Hu; W. Deng; F. Guo; C. Wang; P. Deng; L. Li; H. Jin; C. Gao; B. Shu; J. Jia · J Rehabil Med2022
    RCTdoi:10.2340/jrm.v54.882
  87. 87
    The Impact of Robotic Therapy on the Self-Perception of Upper Limb Function in Cervical Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
    V. Lozano-Berrio; M. Alcobendas-Maestro; B. Polonio-López; A. Gil-Agudo; A. de la Peña-González; A. de Los Reyes-Guzmán · Int J Environ Res Public Health2022
    RCTdoi:10.3390/ijerph19106321
  88. 88
    Exoskeleton versus end-effector robot-assisted therapy for finger-hand motor recovery in stroke survivors: systematic review and meta-analysis
    L. Moggio; A. de Sire; N. Marotta; A. Demeco; A. Ammendolia · Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation2022
    Meta-analysisdoi:10.1080/10749357.2021.1967657
  89. 89
    Improving Upper Limb and Gait Rehabilitation Outcomes in Post-Stroke Patients: A Scoping Review on the Additional Effects of Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation When Combined with Robot-Aided Rehabilitation
    A. Naro; R. S. Calabrò · Brain Sci2022
    Systematic reviewdoi:10.3390/brainsci12111511
  90. 90
    The effect of mirror therapy can be improved by simultaneous robotic assistance
    M. Schrader; A. Sterr; R. Kettlitz; A. Wohlmeiner; R. Buschfort; C. Dohle; S. Bamborschke · Restor Neurol Neurosci2022
    Otherdoi:10.3233/rnn-221263
  91. 91
    Effectiveness of robot-assisted arm therapy in stroke rehabilitation: An overview of systematic reviews
    S. Straudi; L. Baluardo; C. Arienti; M. Bozzolan; S. G. Lazzarini; M. Agostini; I. Aprile; M. Paci; E. Casanova; D. Marino; G. La Rosa; F. Bressi; S. Sterzi; D. Giansanti; L. Perrero; A. Battistini; S. Miccinilli; S. Filoni; M. Sicari; S. Petrozzino · NeuroRehabilitation2022
    Narrative reviewdoi:10.3233/NRE-220027
  92. 92
    Robot-Assisted Training as Self-Training for Upper-Limb Hemiplegia in Chronic Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial
    T. Takebayashi; K. Takahashi; S. Amano; M. Gosho; M. Sakai; K. Hashimoto; K. Hachisuka; Y. Uchiyama; K. Domen · Stroke2022
    RCTdoi:10.1161/strokeaha.121.037260
  93. 93
    Impact of the robotic-assistance level on upper extremity function in stroke patients receiving adjunct robotic rehabilitation: sub-analysis of a randomized clinical trial
    T. Takebayashi; K. Takahashi; Y. Okita; H. Kubo; K. Hachisuka; K. Domen · J Neuroeng Rehabil2022
    RCTdoi:10.1186/s12984-022-00986-9
  94. 94
    Evaluation of an upper limb robotic rehabilitation program on motor functions, quality of life, cognition, and emotional status in patients with stroke: a randomized controlled study
    S. Taravati; K. Capaci; H. Uzumcugil; G. Tanigor · Neurol Sci2022
    RCTdoi:10.1007/s10072-021-05431-8
  95. 95
    Effectiveness of robot-assisted virtual reality mirror therapy for upper limb motor dysfunction after stroke: study protocol for a single-center randomized controlled clinical trial
    D. Wei; X. Y. Hua; M. X. Zheng; J. J. Wu; J. G. Xu · BMC Neurol2022
    RCTdoi:10.1186/s12883-022-02836-6
  96. 96
    Short and long-term effects of robot-assisted therapy on upper limb motor function and activity of daily living in patients post-stroke: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
    L. Zhang; G. Jia; J. Ma; S. Wang; L. Cheng · J Neuroeng Rehabil2022
    Meta-analysisdoi:10.1186/s12984-022-01058-8
  97. 97
    A Robotic System with EMG-Triggered Functional Eletrical Stimulation for Restoring Arm Functions in Stroke Survivors
    E. Ambrosini; G. Gasperini; J. Zajc; N. Immick; A. Augsten; M. Rossini; R. Ballarati; M. Russold; S. Ferrante; G. Ferrigno; M. Bulgheroni; W. Baccinelli; T. Schauer; C. Wiesener; M. Gfoehler; M. Puchinger; M. Weber; S. Weber; A. Pedrocchi; F. Molteni; K. Krakow · Neurorehabil Neural Repair2021
    Otherdoi:10.1177/1545968321997769
  98. 98
    Robot-assisted rehabilitation of hand function after stroke: Development of prediction models for reference to therapy
    F. Baldan; A. Turolla; D. Rimini; G. Pregnolato; L. Maistrello; M. Agostini; I. Jakob · J Electromyogr Kinesiol2021
    Otherdoi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2021.102534
  99. 99
    Evaluation of the enhanced upper limb therapy programme within the Robot-Assisted Training for the Upper Limb after Stroke trial: descriptive analysis of intervention fidelity, goal selection and goal achievement
    H. Bosomworth; H. Rodgers; L. Shaw; L. Smith; L. Aird; D. Howel; N. Wilson; N. Alvarado; S. Andole; D. L. Cohen; J. Dawson; C. Fernandez-Garcia; T. Finch; G. A. Ford; R. Francis; S. Hogg; N. Hughes; C. I. Price; L. Ternent; D. L. Turner; L. Vale; S. Wilkes; H. I. Krebs; F. van Wijck · Clin Rehabil2021
    Otherdoi:10.1177/0269215520953833
  100. 100
    Age is negatively associated with upper limb recovery after conventional but not robotic rehabilitation in patients with stroke: a secondary analysis of a randomized-controlled trial
    F. Cecchi; M. Germanotta; C. Macchi; A. Montesano; S. Galeri; M. Diverio; C. Falsini; M. Martini; R. Mosca; E. Langone; D. Papadopoulou; M. C. Carrozza; I. Aprile · J Neurol2021
    RCTdoi:10.1007/s00415-020-10143-8
  101. 101
    Exoskeleton-Assisted Anthropomorphic Movement Training (EAMT) for Poststroke Upper Limb Rehabilitation: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
    Z. J. Chen; C. He; F. Guo; C. H. Xiong; X. L. Huang · Arch Phys Med Rehabil2021
    RCTdoi:10.1016/j.apmr.2021.06.001
  102. 102
    The fourier M2 robotic machine combined with occupational therapy on post-stroke upper limb function and independence-related quality of life: A randomized clinical trial
    B. Chinembiri; Z. Ming; S. Kai; Z. Xiu Fang; C. Wei · Top Stroke Rehabil2021
    RCTdoi:10.1080/10749357.2020.1755815
  103. 103
    Effects of two different robot-assisted arm training on upper limb motor function and kinematics in chronic stroke survivors: A randomized controlled trial
    K. H. Cho; W. K. Song · Top Stroke Rehabil2021
    RCTdoi:10.1080/10749357.2020.1804699
  104. 104
    Transcranial direct current stimulation combined with robotic therapy for upper and lower limb function after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials
    N. Comino-Suárez; J. C. Moreno; J. Gómez-Soriano; Á. Megía-García; D. Serrano-Muñoz; J. Taylor; M. Alcobendas-Maestro; Á. Gil-Agudo; A. J. Del-Ama; J. Avendaño-Coy · J Neuroeng Rehabil2021
    Meta-analysisdoi:10.1186/s12984-021-00941-0
  105. 105
    Review on Patient-Cooperative Control Strategies for Upper-Limb Rehabilitation Exoskeletons
    S. Dalla Gasperina; L. Roveda; A. Pedrocchi; F. Braghin; M. Gandolla · Front Robot AI2021
    Otherdoi:10.3389/frobt.2021.745018
  106. 106
    Vagus nerve stimulation paired with rehabilitation for upper limb motor function after ischaemic stroke (VNS-REHAB): a randomised, blinded, pivotal, device trial
    J. Dawson; C. Y. Liu; G. E. Francisco; S. C. Cramer; S. L. Wolf; A. Dixit; J. Alexander; R. Ali; B. L. Brown; W. Feng; L. DeMark; L. R. Hochberg; S. A. Kautz; A. Majid; M. W. O'Dell; D. Pierce; C. N. Prudente; J. Redgrave; D. L. Turner; N. D. Engineer; T. J. Kimberley · Lancet2021
    RCTdoi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00475-x
  107. 107
    Economic evaluation of robot-assisted training versus an enhanced upper limb therapy programme or usual care for patients with moderate or severe upper limb functional limitation due to stroke: results from the RATULS randomised controlled trial
    C. Fernandez-Garcia; L. Ternent; T. M. Homer; H. Rodgers; H. Bosomworth; L. Shaw; L. Aird; S. Andole; D. Cohen; J. Dawson; T. Finch; G. Ford; R. Francis; S. Hogg; N. Hughes; H. I. Krebs; C. Price; D. Turner; F. Van Wijck; S. Wilkes; N. Wilson; L. Vale · BMJ Open2021
    RCTdoi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042081
  108. 108
    Effect of Robot-Assisted Therapy on Participation of People with Limited Upper Limb Functioning: A Systematic Review with GRADE Recommendations
    F. Ferreira; M. E. A. Chaves; V. C. Oliveira; J. S. R. Martins; C. B. S. Vimieiro; A. Van Petten · Occup Ther Int2021
    Systematic reviewdoi:10.1155/2021/6649549
  109. 109
    Highlighting gaps in spinal cord injury research in activity-based interventions for the upper extremity: A scoping review
    N. Grampurohit; A. Bell; S. V. Duff; M. J. Mulcahey; C. C. Thielen; G. Kaplan; R. J. Marino · NeuroRehabilitation2021
    Systematic reviewdoi:10.3233/NRE-210042
  110. 110
    Early post-stroke rehabilitation for upper limb motor function using virtual reality and exoskeleton: equally efficient in older patients
    T. Gueye; M. Dedkova; V. Rogalewicz; M. Grunerova-Lippertova; Y. Angerova · Neurol Neurochir Pol2021
    Otherdoi:10.5603/PJNNS.a2020.0096
  111. 111
    A usability study in patients with stroke using MERLIN, a robotic system based on serious games for upper limb rehabilitation in the home setting
    S. Guillén-Climent; A. Garzo; M. N. Muñoz-Alcaraz; P. Casado-Adam; J. Arcas-Ruiz-Ruano; M. Mejías-Ruiz; F. J. Mayordomo-Riera · J Neuroeng Rehabil2021
    Otherdoi:10.1186/s12984-021-00837-z
  112. 112
    A randomized controlled trial on the effects induced by robot-assisted and usual-care rehabilitation on upper limb muscle synergies in post-stroke subjects
    T. Lencioni; L. Fornia; T. Bowman; A. Marzegan; A. Caronni; A. Turolla; J. Jonsdottir; I. Carpinella; M. Ferrarin · Sci Rep2021
    RCTdoi:10.1038/s41598-021-84536-8
  113. 113
    Upper Limb Home-Based Robotic Rehabilitation During COVID-19 Outbreak
    H. Manjunatha; S. Pareek; S. S. Jujjavarapu; M. Ghobadi; T. Kesavadas; E. T. Esfahani · Front Robot AI2021
    Otherdoi:10.3389/frobt.2021.612834
  114. 114
    Upper Limb Robotic Rehabilitation for Patients with Cervical Spinal Cord Injury: A Comprehensive Review
    G. Morone; A. de Sire; A. Martino Cinnera; M. Paci; L. Perrero; M. Invernizzi; L. Lippi; M. Agostini; I. Aprile; E. Casanova; D. Marino; G. La Rosa; F. Bressi; S. Sterzi; D. Giansanti; A. Battistini; S. Miccinilli; S. Filoni; M. Sicari; S. Petrozzino; C. M. Solaro; S. Gargano; P. Benanti; P. Boldrini; D. Bonaiuti; E. Castelli; F. Draicchio; V. Falabella; S. Galeri; F. Gimigliano; M. Grigioni; S. Mazzoleni; S. Mazzon; F. Molteni; M. Petrarca; A. Picelli; M. Gandolfi; F. Posteraro; M. Senatore; G. Turchetti; S. Straudi · Brain Sci2021
    Otherdoi:10.3390/brainsci11121630
  115. 115
    Systematic review of guidelines to identify recommendations for upper limb robotic rehabilitation after stroke
    G. Morone; A. Palomba; A. Martino Cinnera; M. Agostini; I. Aprile; C. Arienti; M. Paci; E. Casanova; D. Marino; L. A. R. G; F. Bressi; S. Sterzi; M. Gandolfi; D. Giansanti; L. Perrero; A. Battistini; S. Miccinilli; S. Filoni; M. Sicari; S. Petrozzino; C. M. Solaro; S. Gargano; P. Benanti; P. Boldrini; D. Bonaiuti; E. Castelli; F. Draicchio; V. Falabella; S. Galeri; F. Gimigliano; M. Grigioni; S. Mazzoleni; S. Mazzon; F. Molteni; M. Petrarca; A. Picelli; F. Posteraro; M. Senatore; G. Turchetti; S. Straudi · Eur J Phys Rehabil Med2021
    Systematic reviewdoi:10.23736/s1973-9087.21.06625-9
  116. 116
    Feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a combined virtual reality, robotics and electrical stimulation intervention in upper extremity stroke rehabilitation
    N. Norouzi-Gheidari; P. S. Archambault; K. Monte-Silva; D. Kairy; H. Sveistrup; M. Trivino; M. F. Levin; M. H. Milot · J Neuroeng Rehabil2021
    Pilot/feasibilitydoi:10.1186/s12984-021-00851-1
  117. 117
    Effects of Robotic Therapy Associated With Noninvasive Brain Stimulation on Upper-Limb Rehabilitation After Stroke: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials
    S. B. Reis; W. M. Bernardo; C. A. Oshiro; H. I. Krebs; A. B. Conforto · Neurorehabilitation & Neural Repair2021
    Meta-analysisdoi:10.1177/1545968321989353
  118. 118
    Additional, Mechanized Upper Limb Self-Rehabilitation in Patients With Subacute Stroke: The REM-AVC Randomized Trial
    O. Rémy-Néris; A. Le Jeannic; A. Dion; B. Médée; E. Nowak; É. Poiroux; I. Durand-Zaleski · Stroke2021
    RCTdoi:10.1161/strokeaha.120.032545
  119. 119
    Evidence of neuroplasticity with robotic hand exoskeleton for post-stroke rehabilitation: a randomized controlled trial
    N. Singh; M. Saini; N. Kumar; M. V. P. Srivastava; A. Mehndiratta · J Neuroeng Rehabil2021
    RCTdoi:10.1186/s12984-021-00867-7
  120. 120
    Upper limb rehabilitation interventions using virtual reality for people with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review
    A. Webster; M. Poyade; S. Rooney; L. Paul · Mult Scler Relat Disord2021
    Systematic reviewdoi:10.1016/j.msard.2020.102610
  121. 121
    Robot-Assisted Therapy for Upper Extremity Motor Impairment After Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    J. Wu; H. Cheng; J. Zhang; S. Yang; S. Cai · PTJ: Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Journal2021
    Meta-analysisdoi:10.1093/ptj/pzab010
  122. 122
    Tools and Techniques Used With Robotic Devices to Quantify Upper-Limb Function in Typically Developing Children: A Systematic Review
    S. C. D. Dobri; H. M. Ready; T. C. Davies · Rehabilitation Process & Outcome2020
    Systematic reviewdoi:10.1177/1179572720979013
  123. 123
    Occupational Employment and Wages: Commercial and Industrial Machinery Mechanics and Robotics Technicians (49-9041)
    U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics · BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS)2024
    BLS wage and employment data documenting growth in robotics-adjacent technical occupations that hire clinicians with hands-on rehab-robotics experience for clinical specialist and field-application roles.
    Othergovernment
  124. 124
    Affordable Robotics for Upper Limb Stroke Rehabilitation in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review
    Demofonti A, Carpino G, Zollo L, Johnson MJ · IEEE Transactions on Medical Robotics and Bionics2021
    Maps the commercial upper-limb rehab-robotics device landscape (Hocoma, Tyromotion, Bioness, Myomo, Kinova), establishing the industry sectors where a clinician with this credential is employable as a clinical specialist, applications engineer, or KOL.
    Otherdoi:10.1109/TBME.2021.3104008
  125. 125
    510(k) Premarket Notification Database — Powered Exoskeleton and Upper-Limb Rehabilitation Devices (Product Codes PHL, IPF)
    U.S. Food and Drug Administration · FDA Device Clearance Database2023
    FDA clearance records for upper-limb rehab robots (ReWalk, Myomo MyoPro, Harmonic Bionics Harmony, Kinova Jaco) confirm an active regulated medtech sector that staffs clinical-evidence, training, and reimbursement roles requiring credentialed therapists.
    Othergovernment
  126. 126
    Physical Therapist Industry Compensation Report: Medical Device and Health-Tech Employers
    Payscale / APTA Workforce Analysis · APTA Workforce Data Reports2023
    Documents salary premium and role categories (clinical specialist, clinical education manager, medical science liaison) for PTs/OTs employed by rehab-device manufacturers — the direct industry transition pathway this credential supports.
    Otherprofessional society
  127. 127
    Rehabilitation robots for the treatment of sensorimotor deficits: a neurophysiological perspective
    Gassert R, Dietz V · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation2018
    Frames rehab robotics as a maturing industry-academic translational field, identifying the clinician-engineer hybrid role (device validation, protocol design, commercial deployment) that this credential positions a therapist to fill.
    Otherdoi:10.1186/s12984-018-0383-x
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